Чистый лист. Природа человека. Кто и почему отказывается признавать ее сегодня - Стивен Пинкер

Глава 5. Последняя линия обороны «чистого листа»

1. Venter et al., 2001.

2. See, e.g., the contributors to Rose & Rose, 2000.

3. R. McKie, in The Guardian, February 11, 2001. See also S. J. Gould, "Humbled by the genome's mysteries," New York Times, February 19, 2001.

4. The Observer, February 11, 2001.

5. E. Pennisi, "The human genome," Science, 291, 2001, 1177–1180; see pp. 1178–1179.

6. "Gene count," Science, 295, 2002, p. 29; R. Mishar, "Biotech CEO says map missed much of genome," Boston Globe, April 9, 2001; Wright et al., 2001.

7. Claverie, 2001; Szathmáry, Jordán, & Pál, 2001; Venter et al., 2001.

8. Szathmáry, Jordán, & Pál, 2001.

9. Claverie, 2001.

10. Venter et al., 2001.

11. Evan Eichler, quoted by G. Vogel, "Objection #2: Why sequence the junk?" Science, 291, 2001, p. 1184.

12. Elman et al., 1996; McClelland, Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group, 1986; McLeod, Plunkett, & Rolls, 1998; Pinker, 1997, pp. 98–111; Rumelhart, McClelland, & the PDP Research Group, 1986.

13. Anderson, 1993; Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Hadley, 1994a; Hadley, 1994b; Hummel & Holyoak, 1997; Lachter & Bever, 1988; Marcus, 1998; Marcus, 2001a; McCloskey & Cohen, 1989; Minsky & Papert, 1988; Shastri & Ajjanagadde, 1993; Smolensky, 1995; Sougné, 1998.

14. Berent, Pinker, & Shimron, 1999; Marcus et al., 1995; Pinker, 1997; Pinker, 1999; Pinker, 2001a; Pinker &Prince, 1988.

15. Pinker, 1997, pp. 112–131.

16. Pinker, 1999. See also Clahsen, 1999; Marcus, 2001a; Marslen-Wilson & Tyler, 1998; Pinker, 1991.

17. See Marcus et al., 1995, and Marcus, 2001a, for examples.

18. Hinton & Nowlan, 1987; Nolfi, Elman, & Parisi, 1994.

19. For examples, see Hummel & Biederman, 1992; Marcus, 2001a; Shastri, 1999; Smolensky, 1990.

20. Deacon, 1997; Elman et al., 1996; Hard-castle & Buller, 2000; Panskepp & Panskepp, 2000; Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997.

21. Elman et al, 1996, p. 108.

22. Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997, pp. 552, 555.

23. Maguire et al., 2000.

24. E. Κ. Miller, 2000.

25. Sadato et al., 1996.

26. Neville & Bavelier, 2000; Petitto et al., 2000.

27. Pons et al., 1991; Ramachandran & Blakeslee, 1998.

28. Curtiss, de Bode, & Shields, 2000; Stromswold, 2000.

29. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Miller, Keller, & Stryker, 1989.

30. Sharma, Angelucci, & Sur, 2000; Sur, 1988; Sur, Angelucci, & Sharma, 1999.

31. For related arguments, see Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz & Crowley, 2002; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Marcus, 2001b.

32. R. Restak, "Rewiring" (Review of The talking cure by S. C. Vaughan), New York Times Book Review, June 22, 1997, pp. 14–15.

33. D. Milmore," 'Wiring' the brain for life," Boston Globe, November 2, 1997, pp. N5 — N8.

34. William Jenkins, quoted in A. Ellin, "Can 'neurobics' do for the brain what aerobics do for the lungs?" New York Times, October 3, 1999.

35. Quotations from A. Ellin, "Can 'neurobics' do for the brain what aerobics do for the lungs?" New York Times, October 3, 1999.

36. G. Kolata, "Muddling fact and fiction in policy," New York Times, August 8, 1999.

37. Bruer, 1997; Bruer, 1999.

38. R. Saltus, "Study shows brain adaptable," Boston Globe, April 20, 2000.

39. Van Essen & Deyoe, 1995, p. 388.

40. Crick & Koch, 1995.

41. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000; Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Levitt, 2000; Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001; Verhage et al., 2000; Zhou & Black, 2000.

42. См. предыдущую ссылку, а также Geary & Huffman, 2002; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001; Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996.

43. Geary & Huffman, 2002; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001.

44. D. Normile, "Gene expression differs in human and chimp brains," Science, 292, 2001, pp. 44–45.

45. Kaas, 2000, p. 224.

46. Hardcastle & Buller, 2000; Panksepp & Panksepp, 2000.

47. Gu & Spitzer, 1995.

48. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996.

49. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Stryker, 1994.

50. Каталано и Шатц, 1998; Страйкер, 1994.

51. Wang et al., 1998.

52. Brown, 1985; Hamer & Copeland, 1994.

53. J. R. Skoyles, June 7, 1999, on an email discussion list for evolutionary psychology.

54. Recanzone, 2000, p. 245.

55. Van Essen & Deyoe, 1995.

56. Kosslyn, 1994.

57. Kennedy, 1993; Kosslyn, 1994, pp. 334–335; Zimler & Keenan, 1983; though see also Arditi, Holtzman, & Kosslyn, 1988.

58. Petitto et al., 2000.

59. Klima & Bellugi, 1979; Padden & Perlmutter, 1987; Siple & Fischer, 1990.

60. Cramer & Sur, 1995; Sharma, Angelucci, & Sur, 2000; Sur, 1988; Sur, Angelucci, & Sharma, 1999.

61. Sur, 1988, pp. 44, 45.

62. Bregman, 1990; Bregman & Pinker, 1978; Kubovy, 1981.

63. Hubel, 1988.

64. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000; Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Levitt, 2000; Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001; Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996; Verhage et al., 2000; Zhou & Black, 2000.

65. Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000, p. 209.

66. Crowley & Katz, 2000.

67. Verhage et al., 2000.

68. Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999.

69. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000. See also Rakic, 2001.

70. Thompson et al., 2001.

71. Brugger et al., 2000; Melzack, 1990; Melzack et al., 1997; Ramachandran, 1993.

72. Curtiss, de Bode, & Shields, 2000; Stromswold, 2000.

73. Described in Stromswold, 2000.

74. Farah et al., 2000.

75. Anderson et al., 1999.

76. Anderson, 1976; Pinker, 1979; Pinker, 1984a; Quine, 1969.